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greater horseshoe bat
The greater horseshoe bat (''Rhinolophus ferrumequinum'') is a European bat of the ''Rhinolophus'' genus. Its distribution covers Europe, Africa, South Asia and Australia.〔Maurice Burton, Robert Burton ''The International Wildlife Encyclopedia, Volume 9'' Marshall Cavendish, 2002, ISBN 0761472665〕 It is the largest of the European horseshoe bats and is thus easily distinguished from other species. The species is sedentary, typically travelling up to 30 km between the winter and summer roosts, with the longest recorded movement being 180 km. The species is notable as having the oldest recorded age for any European bat, with a bat living for over 30 years. The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 69–83 kHz, have most energy at 81 kHz and have an average duration of 37.4 ms.〔Parsons, S. and Jones, G. (2000) 'Acoustic identification of twelve species of echolocating bat by discriminant function analysis and artificial neural networks.' ''J Exp Biol''., 203: 2641–2656.〕〔Obrist, M.K., Boesch, R. and Flückiger, P.F. (2004) 'Variability in echolocation call design of 26 Swiss bat species: Consequences, limits and options for automated field identification with a synergic pattern recognition approach.' ''Mammalia'', 68 (4): 307–32.〕
==Description==
The greater horseshoe bat is the largest bat in Europe.〔Schober, W., E. Grimmberger. (1997) ''The Bats of Europe and North America''. New Jersey: TFH Publications Inc.〕 It has a distinctive noseleaf, which has a pointed upper part and a horseshoe shaped lower part.〔Nowak, R. (1994) ''Walker's Bats of the World''. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.〕 Its horseshoe noseleaf helps to focus the ultrasound it uses to 'see'. The greater horseshoe bat also has tooth and bone structures that are distinct from that of other rhinolophids. Its first premolar on the upper jaw protrudes from the row of teeth.〔(greater horseshoe bat ) Animal Diversity Web〕 For other horseshoe bats, this premolar is very small or non-existent.〔 Also in comparison to its relatives, the greater horseshoe bat has relatively short third and fourth metacarpal bones in its wings.〔Koopman, K. 1994. ''Chiroptera: Systematics''. New York: Walter de Gruyter.〕 It also lacks a tragus. The Greater Horseshoe Bat is on average between 57 and 71 mm long, with a 35–43 mm tail and a 350–400 mm wingspan.〔 The fur of the species is soft and fluffy, with the base of hairs being light grey, the dorsal side hair grey brown and the ventral side grey-white, with juvenile bats having more of an ash-grey tint to their fur. Wing membranes and ears are light grey-brown. It weighs up to 30 grams.
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